Canine Influenza or dog flu is an extremely contagious respiratory disease that affects dogs. It is caused by two distinct strains of the influenza A virus: H3N8 and H3N2. The strains are relatively new. Hence most dogs are not immune to the infection. Even though it is not fatal it can lead to serious complications, if not properly treated, especially in young puppies, senior dogs, and those with pre-existing health conditions.
Here’s what you should know about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for the disease.
What are the Symptoms of canine influenza in dogs?
Dog flu symptoms can range from mild to severe and often mimic those of other respiratory infections, such as kennel cough. Common signs include:
Coughing: It can be either a dry, hacking cough or a wet, productive one, and may persist for several weeks.
Sneezing: Frequent sneezing is another symptom that says your pup has contracted the flu.
Nasal and ocular discharge: A runny nose and watery eyes are common and can sometimes be accompanied by a yellow or greenish tint indicating secondary bacterial infection.
Lethargy:Â Infected dogs often display signs of fatigue and a lack of energy.
Fever: Dogs with canine influenza may run a fever, with temperatures ranging from 103°F to 105°F.
Appetite loss: Reduced appetite and weight loss can also indicate the disease.
What are the Causes of canine influenza in dogs?
As previously mentioned, Two specific strains of influenza cause the flu A virus: H3N8 and H3N2. The H3N8 strain originally emerged from horses and adapted to infect dogs in the early 2000s. On the other hand, the H3N2 strain is believed to have originated in birds. It was first identified in dogs in Asia around 2007 before spreading to the United States in 2015. The flu can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food and water bowls, toys, leashes, bedding, and even the hands or clothing of humans who have had contact with an infected dog. The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 48 hours, on clothing for 24 hours, and hands for 12 hours.
Environmental conditions and the density of dog populations influence the spread of the virus. Dogs that frequently interact in places like dog parks, boarding kennels, grooming salons, or during social events face a higher risk of exposure. What makes controlling the virus even more difficult is that infected dogs can start spreading it before showing any visible symptoms. Canine influenza can affect dogs of all breeds, ages, and health conditions, but those with weakened immune systems or pre-existing health problems are more likely to catch the virus and may suffer from more intense symptoms.
How is canine influenza diagnosed?
If you feel and suspect that your pup already has this disease you may take him to a veterinarian. Your vet may question you on a detailed history of your pup, asking you about your dog’s symptoms, recent exposures to other dogs, and any relevant travel history. In the physical examination, he may check for signs such as coughing, nasal discharge, and fever. To confirm the diagnosis, your vet might recommend specific tests like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) assays, which detect the presence of the virus’s genetic material in nasal or throat swabs. You may let your dog undergo serological tests that measure the amount of antibodies against the virus in your dog’s blood, indicating either a current or past infection. If your pup suffers from pneumonia, a chest X-ray may be necessary to assess secondary bacterial infections or the extent of lung involvement.
Treatments for canine influenza in dogs?
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Though there is no specific antiviral treatment available for canine influenza, providing supportive care and following proper management strategies can greatly help ease your dog’s symptoms and speed up their recovery. Here’s how you can assist your dog in getting better from the flu:
Rest and Hydration
Ensuring that your dog gets plenty of rest is key to their recovery. Set up a quiet, comfortable space where they can relax undisturbed. It’s also important to keep them well-hydrated. Offer fresh water frequently, and if your vet approves, you might use a pet-safe electrolyte solution to keep their hydration levels up.
Medications
 Your veterinarian may recommend medications to help control your dog’s symptoms. This could include anti-inflammatory drugs to lower fever and ease discomfort, or antibiotics if there’s a secondary bacterial infection. Be sure to follow the prescribed dosage and complete the entire course, even if your dog starts showing signs of improvement before it’s finished.
Nutritional Support
A healthy, balanced diet is vital for your dog’s recovery. If your dog seems to have lost their appetite, you can offer bland, easy-to-digest foods like boiled chicken and rice. Some vets might also suggest a high-calorie nutritional supplement to ensure your dog is getting enough energy. Always consult your vet before making any changes to their diet.
Isolation
After your dog has been exposed to the flu virus, it can take between two to four days for symptoms to show. This incubation period is followed by a recovery time that typically lasts two to three weeks. However, dogs infected with the H3N2 strain should be isolated for 21 days, while those with the H3N8 strain should be kept apart from other dogs for at least seven days, as they may still be contagious. During this time, make sure your dog has its own space, including bedding, toys, and feeding bowls, to prevent spreading the virus to other animals.
Protect Your Canine from Influenza
Prevention is key when it comes to keeping your dog safe from canine influenza. Here’s what you can do to protect your furry friend:
Get your dog vaccinated: The best way to guard against canine flu is by vaccinating your dog. Talk to your vet about available vaccines that target dog flu.
Steer clear of high-risk areas: Canine influenza spreads easily in places where dogs gather, like parks, kennels, or daycare centers. If there’s an outbreak in your area, cut back on visits to these spots. Your dog’s health is a priority, especially when there’s a risk of infection.
Maintain good hygiene: Just like with human flu, good hygiene can help curb the spread of canine influenza. Wash your hands thoroughly after petting other dogs or handling shared objects. Keep your dog’s items—such as bowls, toys, and bedding—clean by washing them regularly with hot water and pet-safe disinfectants. If you have more than one dog, make sure each has their own set of belongings to avoid cross-contamination.
Boost your dog’s immune system: A healthy immune system helps your dog fend off infections. Feed them a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients, and consider supplements if recommended by your vet. Regular exercise and a low-stress environment also contribute to a stronger immune system.
Stay informed: Keep an eye on local updates about canine influenza. Veterinary clinics, shelters, and pet organizations often provide alerts during outbreaks. Being aware of the situation in your area helps you take quick action to keep your dog safe.
Canine Influenza Vaccines
Currently, vaccines from Zoetis® and Nobivac® cover both strains of the canine influenza virus. These vaccines are typically given in two doses, spaced two to four weeks apart, followed by an annual booster. Puppies as young as seven to eight weeks old can start their vaccination series, especially if they’ll be in environments where the virus is common.
While vaccination doesn’t guarantee total protection, it does lessen the severity and duration of the illness. The vaccine encourages your dog’s immune system to produce antibodies, giving them a stronger defense if they come into contact with the virus.
As with any vaccine, there may be mild side effects like lethargy, a slight fever, or swelling at the injection site. These symptoms usually go away within a day or two. Rarely, more serious reactions like allergic responses (hives, swelling, or breathing difficulties) can occur. Keep an eye on your dog after vaccination, and contact your vet if anything seems off. It’s always a good idea to discuss the pros and cons of the vaccine with your vet, tailoring the decision to your dog’s specific needs and lifestyle.