Periodontal disease, also called gum disease, is an inflammatory condition that affects the tissues surrounding a dog’s teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It begins with plaque buildup, which hardens into tartar if not removed. Left untreated, this can lead to infections, gum recession, and tooth loss. According to the American Veterinary Dental Society, periodontal disease is dogs’ most prevalent dental issue, impacting over 80% of canines aged three and older.
Let’s explore the symptoms, causes, treatments, and prevention strategies for this common but preventable condition.
Symptoms of Periodontal Disease in Dogs
Periodontal disease progresses in four stages, with symptoms worsening over time:
Stage 1, or Gingivitis, is the earliest and most treatable stage. The gums may inflame and bleed during brushing or chewing. At this stage, periodontal disease is reversible with proper dental care.
Stage 2 or Early Periodontitis, is the beginning of attachment loss. Here the gum starts to recede, forming pockets around the teeth. There might be mild bone loss and bad breath that will occur.
Stage 3 or Moderate Periodontitis deepens gum pockets, and more significant bone loss develops. If its supporting structures get damaged, it may cause discomfort and teeth may start to loosen.
Stage 4 or Advanced Periodontitis is the most severe stage at which there’ll be severe bone loss, deep pockets, and extensive damage to tooth structures. Teeth may become loose or fall out and the dog may experience pain, eating difficulties systemic infections that are common in an advanced stage.
Early Warning Signs
Because early symptoms can be subtle, it’s important to check your dog’s mouth regularly. Be alert for:
- Red, swollen, or bleeding gums.
- Persistent bad breath.
- Reluctance to chew or eat.
- Excessive drooling.
- Tartar buildup on teeth.
Severe Symptoms
As the disease advances, you might notice:
- Loose or missing teeth.
- Pus or abscesses around the teeth.
- Receding gums.
- Behavioral changes due to pain or discomfort.
What Causes Periodontal Disease in Dogs

The main cause of periodontal disease is plaque and tartar buildup on your dog’s teeth. Bacteria in the mouth form a sticky biofilm (plaque) that hardens into tartar if not regularly removed. Several factors can increase a dog’s risk, including:
- Age: Older dogs are more susceptible due to years of plaque accumulation.
- Breed: Small and toy breeds are at higher risk because their teeth are often overcrowded or misaligned.
- Diet: Soft or sticky foods can contribute to faster plaque buildup.
- Poor Oral Hygiene: Infrequent brushing or lack of professional dental care exacerbates the problem.
How To Treat Periodontal Disease in Dogs
Managing periodontal disease involves both professional veterinary care and at-home maintenance. Treatment plans depend on the severity of the disease and typically include the following:
Professional Dental Cleaning: It’s the first step in treating periodontal disease. It involves scaling to remove plaque and tartar from your dog’s teeth, both above and below the gum line. The treatment is done under anesthesia to ensure that the teeth have been cleaned and to reduce stress.
Antibiotics: If the disease accompanies infection, the vet will recommend antibiotics to combat the bacterial infection and reduce inflammation.
Tooth Extraction: Severely damaged teeth that cannot be saved are removed. some teeth may be too damaged to save and will need to be extracted. However, removing the affected teeth improves overall oral health and reduces pain.
Surgical Interventions: If the disease is worsened in your pup it may require procedures like flap surgery to clean deep infections or bone grafts to restore lost bone. Here, your veterinarian will determine the best approach based on your dog’s condition.
How To Prevent Periodontal Disease in Dogs

Preventing gum disease is far more effective (and less expensive) than treating it. Here are key steps to maintain your dog’s oral health:
1. Regular Brushing
- Brush your dog’s teeth daily or at least a few times a week using pet-specific toothpaste and brushes.
- Human toothpaste can be harmful to dogs, so avoid it.
2. Dental Chews and Toys
- Dental chews and toys help reduce plaque and tartar buildup while massaging gums.
- Choose products with the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) seal, indicating they meet standards for dental health.
3. Healthy Diet
- Opt for a balanced diet that promotes dental health.
- Some dog foods are specially formulated to reduce plaque and tartar.
4. Routine Vet Visits
- Schedule regular check-ups, including annual dental exams, to catch issues early.
- Professional cleanings may be recommended as needed.
Why Prevention Matters
While periodontal disease isn’t immediately life-threatening, it can severely impact your dog’s quality of life and overall health if left unchecked. Chronic infections from gum disease can spread to vital organs, including the heart, liver, and kidneys, causing serious complications. However, with proper care and early intervention, dogs with periodontal disease can continue to lead long, happy lives.
By prioritizing your dog’s oral hygiene and staying proactive about their dental health, you can prevent this common issue and ensure your furry friend stays healthy and comfortable for years to come.